Medical physiology is the branch of medicine that explores how the human body functions under normal conditions. It forms the foundation for understanding disease mechanisms, diagnostics, and treatments. Here's a breakdown of its key branches:

 Core Branches of Medical Physiology

• Cell Physiology Studies the functions of cells, including membrane transport, signal transduction, and cellular metabolism.

• Neurophysiology Focuses on the nervous system, including brain function, reflexes, and sensory processing.

• Cardiovascular Physiology Examines heart function, blood flow, and regulation of blood pressure.

• Respiratory Physiology Investigates lung function, gas exchange, and control of breathing.

• Renal Physiology Studies kidney function, fluid and electrolyte balance, and acid-base regulation.

• Gastrointestinal Physiology Covers digestion, absorption, and motility of the GI tract.

• Endocrine Physiology Explores hormone production, regulation, and effects on target organs.

• Reproductive Physiology Includes male and female reproductive systems, hormonal cycles, and pregnancy.

• Muscle Physiology Studies skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle function and contraction mechanisms.

• Hematology (Blood Physiology) Focuses on blood components, coagulation, and immune responses.

• Pathophysiology Investigates how physiological processes are altered in disease states.

• Exercise Physiology Examines how physical activity affects body systems, including cardiovascular and muscular responses.

• Clinical Physiology Applies physiological principles to diagnose and monitor diseases using functional tests of organs and systems