Internal Medicine is a core medical specialty that focuses on the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of adult diseases. Internists are experts in managing complex and chronic illnesses, often serving as primary care physicians or consultants to other specialists.

Major Subspecialties of Internal Medicine

1. Cardiology

• Diseases of the heart and blood vessels (e.g., hypertension, heart failure, arrhythmias).

2. Endocrinology

• Hormonal disorders such as diabetes, thyroid disease, and adrenal dysfunction.

3. Gastroenterology

• Digestive system diseases (e.g., ulcers, hepatitis, inflammatory bowel disease).

4. Pulmonology

• Respiratory conditions like asthma, COPD, and lung infections.

5. Nephrology

• Kidney-related disorders including chronic kidney disease and electrolyte imbalances.

6. Rheumatology

• Autoimmune and inflammatory diseases (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, lupus).

7. Hematology

• Blood disorders such as anemia, clotting disorders, and leukemia.

8. Infectious Diseases

• Management of bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic infections.

9. Geriatrics

• Specialized care for elderly patients, focusing on aging-related conditions.

10. Oncology

• Diagnosis and treatment of cancers, often in collaboration with hematology.

11. Allergy and Immunology

• Allergic reactions, immune deficiencies, and autoimmune diseases.

12. Hospital Medicine

• Care of hospitalized patients, including acute illness and post-operative management.

13. Preventive Medicine

• Health screenings, lifestyle counseling, and chronic disease prevention.

Skills and Scope

• Diagnostic reasoning and clinical judgment

• Managing multiple chronic conditions

• Coordinating care across specialties

• Evidence-based medicine and patient education